Development of International Business

Development of International Business People today wake up by an alarm clock made in China, shave with a French razor, dress in Italian-designed (Pakistan-made) clothes and drive their way to work with a German car. Small facts from our daily routine justify that the last 100 years the internationalization (some would say globalisation) of business can be said to have re-drafted the world economic map (Woods, 2001). Globalisation, despite the numerous changes caused at national and international level, set new rules for all enterprises, no mater their size if a business is to be successful then it needs to be aware of the general environment. From the moment trade and economic environment changed, firms turned international in order to maintain their competitiveness and expand their activity into new markets (Hodgetts, 2003). Therefore, multinational enterprises (MNEs) should keep in mind that international trade, as a result of globalisation, is now the primary profit source. Also, MNEs should re-consider their financi al and production tactics if they want to gain more from the global-market environment, such as focus on specialization (ibid). The purpose of this essay is to discuss the primary ways International Business occurs and examine the advantages and disadvantages of international trade and specialization with an extended look at free trade. Two Primary Ways of International Business Development The basic idea for firms going global is to expand their existing sales with reducing the costs of making the additional sales. How will they achieve that? They have two primary ways: first, imports-exports worldwide (International Trade) and second, direct foreign investment (FDI) or portfolio investment. The first way is usually seen as Adam Smiths basic principle of exchange, as an attempt to explain why countries trade, while the second way is the base of international capital flow. International Trade As mentioned before, firms and countries expect some gains from this exchange such as: lower production costs, improved products quality and higher sales profits. However, in the early years of trade, the theory of mercantilism was against that assumption and it was Smith who reacted to this theory by setting up his absolute advantage theory (Mnieh, 2010). Mercantilists in the 18th century believed that a countrys wealth should be measured by the gold and silver the country possessed, so the more precious metals the country had the richer and more powerful it was. Also, the exports were seen as good because they brought silver/gold, whereas imports were bad because they reduced the amount of gold and silver from the country. Mercantilists wanted to encourage countries to export more than import; therefore, they proposed that exports should be increased and imports decreased by means of tariffs or quotas. As a result, under this theory, only one party could gain from trade (Brewer, 2000). However, mercantilism theory did not explain the basic questions of international trade such as, which goods are exported or imported, in what quantity and by whom (ibid). Adam Smith addressed these questions, and he produced the theory of absolute advantage. That theory holds that countries who use resources more efficiently can gain more by focusing on the specialization of their most efficient product and importing the goods they produce inefficiently. Consequently, the specialized production of a commodity gives a country an absolute advantage on that product, and the countrys resources are focused on the production of the profitable output instead of split up or wasted on other, less profitable, outputs. Absolute advantage, however, can explain only a small part of the worlds trade today and does not include any evidence about the determination of trade (Rugman and Collinson, 2006). In 1819, David Ricardo, based on Smiths work, examined the questions What happens when a country can produce all products at an absolute advantage? Would trade still benefit both countries now? And developed the theory of comparative advantage. According to Ricardos theory, a country has a comparative advantage in a product when it has a higher degree of superiority in its production, and it has a comparative disadvantage in a product when its degree of superiority is lower, relative to another country. In order to understand that theory completely, we need to introduce the concept of opportunity cost (Woods, 2001).. We assume that a country produces two goods, A and B, so the opportunity cost is the cost related to the amount of good A which must be sacrificed in order to produce one additional unit of good B (Mnieh, 2010). Therefore Ricardo, suggested that a country with an absolute advantage in all lines of production should trade with another country in the product which has the higher opportunity cost in order to gain from the other countys lower opportunity cost. Foreign Direct Investment The second way international business occurs is through equities. According to Collinson (2006), a tactic usually applied by nations and MNEs to gain access to a foreign market is equity funds invested in other nations. Therefore, a definition used for foreign direct investment (FDI) is the control and ownership of foreign assets. The basic idea for the FDI concept is that corporations find it more beneficial to purchase another foreign company, simply to acquire the companys market share and know-how in the host country. It has to be mentioned that FDI is different from portfolio investment. Foreign portfolio investment is a transfer of capital from one country to another, whereas FDI contains the issue of control and ownership of the activities abroad. Another common tactic of FDI is the union of capital of multiple corporations to a joint venture, in order to purchase together the foreign company aboard (Rugman, 2006). There is a substantial number of reasons why multinational corporations are interested in expanding their activities and influence in foreign assets. The primary reason is to increase their sales and profits. According to the UN World Investment Report (2006), numerous large multinationals have earned millions of pounds through overseas sales every year since they went abroad. Not only large firms gain benefits from activities abroad but a large number of smaller firms increase their revenues as well. MNEs financial and production activities pay the way for local suppliers to get involved with the multinationals and maybe supply them to other worldwide locations (ibid). The second reason is the lower costs abroad. Lower labour cost, for example, is a considerable reason for transferring a companys production facilities to a place where labour is much cheaper. In addition to this, MNEs can consider other factors such as materials supply, transportation costs and energy issues, which affect managers decisions to move their activities abroad. Another reason is to enter economic blocs and rapidly growing markets. At this point, we have to mention that the global economical map is different between countries, regions or continents. Some countries have markets that grow more rapidly than others, and many countries are part of international, economical and political, agreements that affect trade, so multinational companies gain a foothold in these markets by investing directly in them (Deresky,2006).. The final reason for FDI is to gain access to technology and know-how as well as the protection of domestic and foreign markets. In essence, there are examples of multinationals that have saved their own and foreign markets by making investments in these markets and take a strategic advantage due to the high-technology acquirement their investments provide (Piggott and Cook, 2006). Advantages and Disadvantages of Specialisation The model of comparative advantage and the theory of absolute advantage are both based on specialisation. Specialization, at production level, occurs when a worker becomes skilled and efficient at a specific task in order to be able to produce more goods or services than other workers. Countries that produce specialised goods could have many advantages. First, specialisation at international level means that a country will benefit from the trade of specialized goods with other countries. Second, specialisation makes workers to becomes quicker at producing goods or services; consequently, the production per good become cheaper and the production levels are increase. Therefore, a country can be competitive and maintain or expand the wealth it already has (Piggott and Cook, 2006). The third point is the gain of know-how. A country that focuses on the specific production of a good can become an expert and invest in research on that good. Fourth, a country can enhance its reputation. If a country becomes an expert it is possible to increase the quality and reliability of its products, she will create a reputation and the demand of its products will increase (Bingham, Combined Proceedings, 2005, Vol.55). However, the concentration of production factors on one product may have the opposite results. First, a country will depend on a higher degree from others if it just exports one good and imports all the others. Second, countries should be aware that specialised workers demand better wages and this can also affect the total production cost in a negative way. Third, it has to be mentioned that the theory of specialisation makes some assumptions and simplifications, which are not always valid, such as: (a) there is full employment, (b) there are no constant costs and countries have the same dynamic in the future (c) the theories are based on barter, so money is not required in these models, (d) we assume that there are two countries and two goods only and (e) the mobility of labour is assumed to be perfect (Daniels et al., 2008). Advantages and Disadvantages of International Trade The trade theories mentioned before in this essay is the base for us to understand the figure of international trade in the world economy we observe today. International trade has a variety of aspects. Firstly, as an advantage, it includes the theory of free trade, which supports the unrestricted free flow of goods and services between countries. Trade without barriers has positive benefits for all involved, and it creates free markets, which are best for most exchange. As a result, countries trade more over time, so globalisation will be inevitable. Secondly, world class economists set their theories for international trade. They attempt to figure how it works, but each theory is based on different assumptions and limitations. As a result, new theories were born (Daniels et al., 2008). To counter the theories of international trade, a considerable number of people believe that trade and foreign investments may badly affect local industry and work force. They suggest an economic policy of restraining free trade with means like quotas or tariffs in order to protect the national market; a theory widely known as protectionism (Hill, 2006). As a whole, countries trade with each other and manage their exports or imports based on their capabilities and needs. Due to the worlds competive environment, nations support their industries to claim better results for their interests not only domestically but worldwide. With business going international, countries and companies are trying to expand their wealth and influence other countries or markets, with direct or portfolio investment (ibid). Arguments in favour of free trade and relevant theories According to Hill (2006), the theory of free trade is relevant to the theories of International Trade. Both theories assume that there is unrestricted trade between two or more countries, but the free trade theory includes three major principles: (a) there are no barriers or obstacles to mobility, (b) there are no trade restrictions and (c) there are no transportation costs. Apart from the assumptions, new questions are presented. For example, the free trade theory suggests that trade is based on the lack of costs, but it does not explain which factors made these costs. As a result, the theory of Heckscher-Ohlin was established. Two Swedish economists, Eli Heckscher and Bertil Ohlin, studied the trade theories and conclude in two deductions. First, there is more than one factor of production. For example, goods do not need only labour but capital and land also. Secondly, different factors are used for the production of different goods. Furthermore, different countries have a different number of factors of production (or endowments), and this results in different relative factor prices. This means that land-intensive goods should be relatively cheap in a country with a great deal of land, and the same is valid for labour-intensive and capital-intensive countries. This leads to the theorys basic conclusion that countries should specialize in goods that use the factor of production intensively they have in abundance (Piggott Cook, 2006). According to the Heckscher-Ohlin theorem, countries like the United States, for example, with a higher capital per head than other countries, should export capital-intensive goods and import labour-intensive goods. In 1954, the economist Wassily Leontief tried to apply the theorem to reality. He used a mathematical technique named input-output analysis to measure the amount of imports and exports worth US$ 1milion, on data of 1947. Leontief found that to replace US imports with domestic output would need 170 more years per worker of labour and US$ 3.1million of capital. On the other hand, to reduce US exports by US$ 1 million would provide 182.3 years of labour time and US$ 2.6 million of capital. When he compared the two results, he showed that exports from the US were more labour intensive than imports into the US, which is the opposite outcome to that predicted by Heckscher-Ohlin. The worlds most capital-intensive country was exporting labour intensive goods (Husted Melvin, 2007) . The previous analysis is known as the Leontief paradox and it is known as the biggest weakness to the Heckscher-Ohlin theory. Some economists argued that Leontiefs analysis did not include human capital in his motion of labour all labour is taken to have the same skill. As a result, failure to include these factors might have caused him to mismeasure the labour intensity of US imports and exports (Mmieh, 2010). Based on the failure of Heckscher-Ohlin theory, economist Paul Krugman (1970) developed his new trade theory. According to this theory, some countries specialize in the production of a particular product and export it, not because they have different factor endowments, but because they can support these products in the global markets. For example, a countrys production specialisation in the products of airplanes, can give a competitive advantage to the country not only at domestic but in the international airplane production market (ibid). In relevance to new trade theory, Michael Porter (1994) attempted to explain why particular nations achieve international success in particular industries. His theory, referred as the theory of national competitive advantage, underlines that country factors such as domestic demand and domestic rivalry are very important for nations dominance in the production and export of particular goods (Hill, 2006). Conclusion In this paper, we first examined the two primary ways international business occur, based on numerous theories of world-class economists. Global Trade and FDI are the most important figures of world trade today and include a number of aspects but in this paper we discussed two of them: specialisation and international trade. We also examined the concept of free trade; with an extensive look at the theories that were created based on the free burgeoning of goods. Today, globalisation sets new rules for the countries and firms involved in the business world, a much more complicated market scene, which needs different approaches, careful planning and correct use of information for the best investment results. International business follows the path of globalisation and I personally believe that the in years to come we will witness an inevitable change route for the way we do business.

Problem Set 1

Problem Set 1 Ben Polak, Econ 159a/MGT522a. Four Questions due September 19, 2007. 1. Strictly and Weakly Dominated Strategies? What is the de nition of a strictly dominated strategy? What is the de nition of a weakly dominated strategy? Give an example of a two-player game matrix where one player has three strategies, one of which is strictly dominated; and the other player has three strategies, one of which is weakly (but not strictly) dominated. Indicate the dominated strategies. 2. Iterative Deletion of (weakly) Dominated two-player game 2 l c T 1; 1 0; 1 1 M 1; 0 2; 2 D 1; 3 3; 1 Strategies Consider the following r 3; 1 1; 3 2; 2 a) Are there any strictly dominated strategies? Are there any weakly dominated strategies? If so, explain what dominates what and how. (b) After deleting any strictly or weakly dominated strategies, are there any strictly or weakly dominated strategies in the `reduced' game? If so, explain what dominates what and how. What is left? (c) Go back to your a rgument for deleting in the rst `round' and recall what dominated what and how. Compare this with what was deleted in the `second' round. Comment on how this might make you a bit cautious when iteratively deleting weakly dominated strategies? . Hotelling's Location Game. Recall the voting game we discussed in class. There are two candidates, each of whom chooses a position from the set Si := f1; 2; : : : ; 10g. The voters are equally distributed across these ten positions. Voters vote for the candidate whose position is closest to theirs. If the two candidates are equidistant from a given position, the voters at that position split their votes equally. The aim of the candidates is to maximize their percentage of the total vote. Thus, for example, u1 (8; 8) = 50 and u1 (7; 8) = 70. Hint: in answering this question, you do not need to write out the full payo matrices! ] (a) In class, we showed that strategy 2 strictly dominates strategy 1. In fact, other strategies strictly dominate s trategy 1. Find all the strategies that strictly dominate strategy 1. Explain your answer. [Hint: try some guesses and see if they work. ] (b) Suppose now that there are three candidates. Thus, for example, u1 (8; 8; 8) = _ _ 33:3 and u1 (7; 9; 9) = 73:3. Is strategy 1 dominated, strictly or weakly, by strategy 2. How about by strategy 3? Explain. Suppose we delete strategies 1 and 10.That is, we rule out the possibility of any candidate choosing either 1 or 10, although there are still voters at those positions. Is strategy 2 dominated, strictly or weakly, by any other (pure) strategy si in the reduced game? Explain. 4. Strength can be weakness†. A three-person committee has to choose a winner for a national art prize. After some debate, there are three candidates still under consideration: a woman who draws antelope in urban settings, a man who makes rectangular lead boxes, and a woman who sculpts charcoal. Lets call these candidates a, b and c; and call the committee member s 1,2 and 3.The preferences of the committee members are as follows: member 1 prefers a to b and b to c; member 2 prefers c to a and a to b; and member 3 prefers b to c and c to a. The rules of the competition say that, if they disagree, they should vote (secret ballot, one member one vote) and that, if and only if the vote is tied, the winner will be the candidate for whom member 1 voted. Thus, it might seem that member 1 has an advantage. (a) Consider this voting game. Each voter has three strategies: a, b, or c. For each voter, which strategies are weakly or strictly dominated? Hints. Be especially careful in the case of voter 1. To answer this question, you do not need to know the exact payo s: any payo s will do provided that they are consistent with the preference orders given above. To answer this question, you do not have to write out matrices]. (b) Now consider the reduced game in which all weakly and strictly dominated strategies have been removed. For each voter, which st rategies are now weakly or strictly dominated? What is the predicted outcome of the vote? Compare this outcome to voter 1's preferences and comment. 2 Problem Set 1 Problem Set 1 Ben Polak, Econ 159a/MGT522a. Four Questions due September 19, 2007. 1. Strictly and Weakly Dominated Strategies? What is the de nition of a strictly dominated strategy? What is the de nition of a weakly dominated strategy? Give an example of a two-player game matrix where one player has three strategies, one of which is strictly dominated; and the other player has three strategies, one of which is weakly (but not strictly) dominated. Indicate the dominated strategies. 2. Iterative Deletion of (weakly) Dominated two-player game 2 l c T 1; 1 0; 1 1 M 1; 0 2; 2 D 1; 3 3; 1 Strategies Consider the following r 3; 1 1; 3 2; 2 a) Are there any strictly dominated strategies? Are there any weakly dominated strategies? If so, explain what dominates what and how. (b) After deleting any strictly or weakly dominated strategies, are there any strictly or weakly dominated strategies in the `reduced' game? If so, explain what dominates what and how. What is left? (c) Go back to your a rgument for deleting in the rst `round' and recall what dominated what and how. Compare this with what was deleted in the `second' round. Comment on how this might make you a bit cautious when iteratively deleting weakly dominated strategies? . Hotelling's Location Game. Recall the voting game we discussed in class. There are two candidates, each of whom chooses a position from the set Si := f1; 2; : : : ; 10g. The voters are equally distributed across these ten positions. Voters vote for the candidate whose position is closest to theirs. If the two candidates are equidistant from a given position, the voters at that position split their votes equally. The aim of the candidates is to maximize their percentage of the total vote. Thus, for example, u1 (8; 8) = 50 and u1 (7; 8) = 70. Hint: in answering this question, you do not need to write out the full payo matrices! ] (a) In class, we showed that strategy 2 strictly dominates strategy 1. In fact, other strategies strictly dominate s trategy 1. Find all the strategies that strictly dominate strategy 1. Explain your answer. [Hint: try some guesses and see if they work. ] (b) Suppose now that there are three candidates. Thus, for example, u1 (8; 8; 8) = _ _ 33:3 and u1 (7; 9; 9) = 73:3. Is strategy 1 dominated, strictly or weakly, by strategy 2. How about by strategy 3? Explain. Suppose we delete strategies 1 and 10.That is, we rule out the possibility of any candidate choosing either 1 or 10, although there are still voters at those positions. Is strategy 2 dominated, strictly or weakly, by any other (pure) strategy si in the reduced game? Explain. 4. Strength can be weakness†. A three-person committee has to choose a winner for a national art prize. After some debate, there are three candidates still under consideration: a woman who draws antelope in urban settings, a man who makes rectangular lead boxes, and a woman who sculpts charcoal. Lets call these candidates a, b and c; and call the committee member s 1,2 and 3.The preferences of the committee members are as follows: member 1 prefers a to b and b to c; member 2 prefers c to a and a to b; and member 3 prefers b to c and c to a. The rules of the competition say that, if they disagree, they should vote (secret ballot, one member one vote) and that, if and only if the vote is tied, the winner will be the candidate for whom member 1 voted. Thus, it might seem that member 1 has an advantage. (a) Consider this voting game. Each voter has three strategies: a, b, or c. For each voter, which strategies are weakly or strictly dominated? Hints. Be especially careful in the case of voter 1. To answer this question, you do not need to know the exact payo s: any payo s will do provided that they are consistent with the preference orders given above. To answer this question, you do not have to write out matrices]. (b) Now consider the reduced game in which all weakly and strictly dominated strategies have been removed. For each voter, which st rategies are now weakly or strictly dominated? What is the predicted outcome of the vote? Compare this outcome to voter 1's preferences and comment. 2

Journalism Salaries How Much Do Reporters Make

What kind of salary can you expect to make as a journalist? If youve spent any time at all in the news business, youve probably heard a reporter say this: Dont go into journalism to get rich. Itll never happen. By and large, thats true. There are certainly other professions (finance, law, and medicine, for example) that, on average, pay much better than journalism. But if youre lucky enough to get and keep a job in the current climate, it is possible to make a decent living in print, online, or broadcast journalism. How much you make will depend on what media market youre in, your specific job and how much experience you have. A complicating factor in this discussion is the economic turmoil hitting the news business. Many newspapers are in financial trouble and have been forced to lay off journalists, so at least for the next several years, salaries are likely to remain stagnant or even fall. Average Journalist Salaries The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS)  reports an estimate of a median salary of $37,820 annually and an hourly wage of $18.18 as of May  2016 for those in the category of reporters and correspondents. The mean annual wage skews higher at just under $50,000. In rough terms, reporters at small papers can expect to earn $20,000 to $30,000; at medium-sized papers, $35,000 to $55,000; and at large papers, $60,000 and up. Editors earn a bit more. News websites, depending on their size, would be in the same ballpark as newspapers. Broadcast At the low end of the salary scale, beginning TV reporters make about the same as beginning newspaper reporters. But in big media markets, salaries for TV reporters and anchors skyrocket. Reporters at stations in large cities can earn well into the six figures, and anchors in large media markets can earn $1 million or more annually. For the BLS statistics, this boosts their annual mean wage to $57,380 in 2016. Big Media Markets vs. Smaller Ones Its a fact of life in the news business that reporters working at big papers in major media markets earn more than those at smaller papers in smaller markets. So a reporter working at The New York Times will likely take home a fatter paycheck than one at the Milwaukee Journal-Sentinel. This makes sense. The competition for jobs at big papers in large cities is more fierce than for papers in small towns. Generally, the biggest papers hire people with many years of experience, who would expect to be paid more than a newbie. And dont forget—its more expensive to live in a city like Chicago or Boston than, say, Dubuque, which is another reason why the bigger papers tend to pay more. The difference as seen on the BLS report if that the mean wage in southeast Iowa nonmetropolitan areas is only about 40 percent of what a reporter would make in  New York or Washington DC. Editors vs. Reporters While reporters get the glory of having their byline in the paper, editors generally earn more money. And the higher an editors rank, the more he or she will be paid. A managing editor will make more than a city editor. Editors in the newspaper and periodical industry make a mean wage of $64,220 per year as of 2016, according to the BLS. Experience It just stands to reason that the more experience someone has in a field, the more they are likely to be paid. This is also true in journalism, though there are exceptions. A young hotshot reporter who moves up from a small-town paper to a big city daily in just a few years will often make more than a reporter with 20 years of experience whos still at a small paper.

The Effects of Alcohol on Social and Emotional Development...

Adolescent Social Development The social development of adolescents is very much affected by the social world. Peer relationships, family relationships, school, work, and community play a critical role in an adolescent’s social development as well as culture. Adolescence begins around the age of eleven and lasts into the early twenties. As a child enters into adolescence, many changes are taking place, including physical changes in appearance, sexual maturity, hormonal changes, and the ability to reflect on one’s identity of self (Broderick Blewitt, 2010). As adolescents begin to experience these changes; they also experiment with new behaviors to help them transition from childhood to adulthood. Risk taking is a normal way that†¦show more content†¦Higher rates of substance abuse in young adolescents are linked to neighborhood instability (Leventhal Brooks-Gunn, 2000). Emotional Development According to Erickson (1968), developing identity is the central task of adolescents. Developing a sense of self or identity involves relating to others and learning to manage many emotions. This identity includes not only what individuals might become but also who they would like to become (Markus Nerius, 1986). Identity consists of two concepts, self-concept and self-esteem. Self-concept includes beliefs about one’s traits, roles and goals, and interest, values, and beliefs. Self-esteem involves assessing how one feels about self-concept (APA, 2000). Adolescent Risk Taking Behavior According to Arnett and Balle-Hjensen (1993) there are several theories that may explain why adolescents engage in risky behaviors. They proposed that need for excitement, fun, and unique, powerful sensations outweigh the potential dangers involved in an activity. Jesser (1991) proposed another theory and stresses that risk behaviors occur in a group context and involve peer acceptance and status within the group. Gibbons and Gerrard (1995) proposed another theory emphasizing that adolescent risk taking is a form of modeling and glamorizing adult behavior. Drinking Among Adolescents According for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), alcohol use is a major publicShow MoreRelatedRisk Factors For Adolescent Drug Abuse1462 Words   |  6 Pages Body: Risk Factors for Adolescent Drug Abuse There are an abundance of risk factors that can relate to the contribution of drug abuse in adolescents. The primary risk factors can be divided into two main categories: social and emotional triggers. Social factors play an important role because during the adolescent years it can be an extremely emotional and physically tough time for teens to transition through. Adolescent phases are one of the biggest transitional stages in a person’s life becauseRead MoreThe Effects Of Alcohol On The Adolescent Brain1585 Words   |  7 PagesBy conducting interviews with psychiatrists, PhD students and adolescent alcohol researchers, I obtained current information, where there were scarce secondary sources which explored the effects of alcohol on the adolescent brain. This process was highly beneficial because it increased the reliability of my research and substantiated emerging Key Finding 1 – that adolescent neuroplasticity increases their susceptibility to alcohol related ment al illness. For example, Fiona Griffith stated that â€Å"theRead MoreFetal Alcohol Syndrome Essay1096 Words   |  5 PagesFetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) is a mental and physical birth defect. It occurs when a pregnant women consumes high levels of alcohol during her pregnancy. The effects of FAS can be traumatic in some cases, and in others children were slightly affected by exposure to alcohol. FAS has a wide range of effects on the fetus and infant, retarded growth, under developed facial features, slow cognitive development, and many more. The evidence of cases is overwhelming, yet in some societies it is still anRead MoreThe Social Problem Of Teenage Pregnancy929 Words   |  4 Pageswith parenthood, thus a teenager is greatly less prepared. Therefore, teenage pregnancy has become a major social problem which fundaments should be understood in order to provide a solution to it. In order to understand a social problem such as teenage pregnancy, it is important to look firstly at its causes. In the first place, parents are of immense importance regarding a child’s development because they are the child’s first teacher and role model. They are not just supposed to provide the childRead MoreSocial Acceptance And Its Impact On Adolescence945 Words   |  4 PagesSocial acceptance could be defined as the fact that most people, in order to fit in with others, attempt to look and act like them. Or sometimes it is the ability to accept or to tolerate differences and diversity in other people or groups of people. (Wikipedia) It is human nature to want to fit in, to be accepted by our peers. In early adolescence children start to develop the feeling of belonging. Adolescence is a transition period of late childhood and adulthood, they are beginning the maturingRead MoreDrug Use On Young College Students1079 Words   |  5 Pagespurpose of this study is to explore drug use in adolescent students, focusing on young college students. For the purpose of this study, a drug is defined as a habit forming substance that directly effects the brain and the nervous system. It is a chemical substance that affects mood, perceptions, bodily functions, or consciousness that has potential for misuse as it may be harmful to the user (p. 524) This study will contribute both the knowledge and social impacts of the situation as it faces us todayRead MoreEmerging Adulthood : Developing Adults Experience Alcohol1575 Words   |  7 PagesWhile college is a great time for emerging adults experience alcohol, the abuse of alcohol can be consequential to the development of a proper and healthy adult. B. Emerging adulthood is a period of development that coincides with college, around years 18-25 (Arnett, 2000). At this stage, young adults fully learn about themselves, their roles, and who they are. C. In this context, we will use binge drinking to describe the abuse of alcohol. Wechsler and Nelson (2001) defines binge drinking as for drinkingRead MoreSocial Determinants Of Mental Health1219 Words   |  5 Pagesthese social determinants interact to cause inequity—for example, high education-level mixed with unemployment, such as college students. As previously noted by Hardy et al. (2013), mental health is influenced by a variety of factors. Bà ¸e et al. (2013) further explains factors leading to mental health disorder development, through an analysis of the cross-sectional Bergen Child Study 2006 conducted in Norway. Researchers examined how the mental health of children related to the emotional well-beingRead MoreParental Power And Adult Authority1473 Words   |  6 Pagesby teaching their children to be obedient and show absolute respect for adult authority. They also control their children by clear rules, high standards, strict punishment, and little communication. The University of Texas at Austin’s School of Social Work found that many Hispanic children were at risk for anxiety, depression and suicide attempts (Calzada, Brajas-Gonzalez, Huang Brotman, 2015). â€Å"These rates increased over time and are reflective of the most common childhood mental health issuesRead MoreMiddle Childhood Essay724 Words   |  3 PagesMiddle Childhood and Adolescence University of Phoenix Human Growth and Development Jeanette Merchant August 17, 2010 Middle Childhood and Adolescence Stable and supportive families are crucial during middle childhood and adolescence development stage. Supportive family members and friends improve social development. The major change that occurs from middle childhood to adolescence is emotional maturation. During middle childhood stage, children develop more independence from